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·This chapter describes the process of coalification which gradually turns plant debris into coal involving heat pressure and the effects of time
·Coal and gas outbursts are small scale geological disasters controlled by tectonic movement and tectonic coal is widespread in outburst zones In this study we compare tectonic and intact coal specimens to examine the basic properties of tectonic coal We estimate the different energies and limits of the crushing work ratio of coal from five typical outburst
·Highwall mining is a method that involves using a continuous highwall miner system CHM to extract coal from the remaining coal seams which has proven to be an effective and safe method for extracting coal after open pit mining However application cases globally have shown that the feasibility of highwall mining in open pit coal mines is subject to
·Coal mining can have significant environmental consequences The extraction processing and transportation of coal can contribute to various forms of pollution and land degradation It is essential to mitigate these impacts to ensure sustainable mining practices The key environmental concerns associated with coal mining in South Africa include
·The supporting text provides an introductory overview of coal exploration mining and coalbed methane CBM development followed by discussions on various megascopic aspects of coal geology microscopic aspects are covered in Volume 2 Because of the vast subject matter many generalities had to be made in the text
·Many researchers have studied different environmental impacts of coal mines Duarte et al 2019; Dutta et al 2020; Nordin et al 2018; Silva et al 2021 Wu et al 2022 analyzed different underground mining technologies in coal mines by applying the life cycle assessment method The results showed that pillar free mining has the lowest environmental
·The room and pillar technique is a self supporting mining method in which part of the ore is left unmined as pillars To increase the mining efficiency the pillars are later recovered partially or completely This research aims at evaluating and comparing four methods of pillar recovery namely pocket and wing open ending split and fender and Christmas
·The mining process is responsible for much of the energy we use and products we consume Mining has been a vital part of American economy and the stages of the mining process have had little fluctuation However the process of mining for ore is intricate and requires meticulous work procedures to be efficient and effective This is why we have
·Overview of Coal Mining effluent guidelines and standards 40 CFR Part 434 with support documents Wastewater is generated during the mining process from groundwater produced during coal extraction from water used by operators for equipment cooling and dust control and from precipitation entering mines Coal Mining Detailed Study 2008
·The high intensity mining area previously mined area of Ili Coal Mine has the worst ecological environment quality followed by the coal reserve area of Ili Coal Mine and the planned
·process of coal mining At the first stage coal is extracted from parallel rooms driven by heading machines with pil lars left in between The pillars and roof reinforcement by split set rock bolts temporarily preserve the rooms This stage is e ffectively adopted by the Russian miners in devel opment heading both in coal and in host rocks
·Large operations like block caving where a very detailed and routine operation can be implemented for long term have seen significant automation in unit operations Being quite different from fully mechanized mining fully mechanized caving not only preserves the coal cutting process of fully mechanized coal mining but also develops the
·Also some researchers carried out numerical simulation and theoretical analysis to study the stability of upper room and pillar coal pillars in extremely close distance coal seam mining Huang et al 2022 established a support vector machine goaf assessment model to address the relevant risk factors in the Shendong mining area s goaf Luan et al 2018 and
·Coal mining in China is facing the transition from output to quality Based on the total mining capacity and average production the current situation of coal mining at mine city and province
·Monitoring and preventing coal rock dynamic disasters are essential for ensuring sustainable and safe mining Induced charge monitoring as a geophysical method enables sustainable monitoring of coal rock deformation and failure The induced charge signal contains crucial information regarding damage evolution making it imperative and important to explore
·In the past decades attempts were made to build a systematic approach to mining method selection MMS Ooriad et al [1] This is because MMS is a complex and irreversible process
·The majority of coal is derived from open cast mines ±53% and underground bord and pillar operations 40% while stoping 4% and longwall mining 3% make up the balance the importance of coal mining in south Africa Coal is South Africa s most plentiful and cheapest source of energy The coal has a low to
·The overall aim of the methodology/model is that it must serve as a checklist in conducting a retrospective critique on existing coal mining methods operations Again the decision making approach must be able to offer a guideline for new coal mining projects on how an optimum mining method can be selected while considering factors that affect MMS
·Coal remains a very important source of energy for the global economy Surface and underground coal mining are the two major methods of coal extraction and both have benefits and drawbacks Surface coal mining can have a variety of environmental impacts including ecosystem losses landscape alteration soil destruction and changes to surface and
·In coal mining the presence of unsafe conditions increases the probability of coal and gas outburst accidents The main contributors are geological coal and gas factors He et al 2010; Xie et al 2019 technologies and appropriate evaluation methods to improve the accuracy and efficiency of risk assessment in the process of coal
·Micro Macro Properties of Multi well Mining Process The evolution of the micro macro properties of the coal seam for multi well mining project is presented in Figures 6 7 and 8 The evolution of gas pressure at different mining times in a multi well mining project is shown in Figure 6 As mining progressed there was a significant trend
·In coal mining solid backfilling technology is widely used However its efficiency is seriously hindered by the following two factors Firstly the process flow of the solid backfilling operation is more complicated in the back and the spatiotemporal linkage SPL between actions of the cylinders powering each support and between hydraulic supports in the
·Only which unit or process contributes the most to a particular impact category can be observed Using a 20 m coal pillar as an example Figure 3 shows the characterized results for each unit or process in the coal mining process Figure 4 shows the characterized results for coal mining at pillar widths of 0 25 m
Environmental impacts associated with coal mining methods Coal mining can be done by two methods open pit and underground where each one has a list of environmental impacts First open pit mining involves digging for coal near the ground surface Open pit mining destroys trees plants soil forests and wildlife habitats Moreover
