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EXTRACTION; REHABILITATION; TYPICAL OPEN CUT GRADES; REFLECTION QUESTIONS; Contributors and Attributions; Open pit mining or open cast mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or This form of mining differs from extractive methods that require tunneling into the earth such as
Environmental Impacts Due to Mining and Ore Processing The metal mining sector emitted billion pounds of toxic pollutants into water air and land in 2001 Accounting for 45 percent of all contaminates emitted by any other industry Air Pollution Mining activities whether actively or passively add to the challenge of air pollution
·Mining is the process of extracting useful materials from the earth Some examples of substances that are mined include coal gold or iron ore is the material from which the metal iron is The process of mining dates back to prehistoric Prehistoric people first mined flint which was ideal for tools and weapons since it breaks into
·The ore is then extracted using explosives and large mining equipment such as trucks and excavators b Underground Mining For deeper gold deposits underground mining is employed
But separation of ore minerals is only the preliminary stage of metal refinement for most metals the second stage involves separating the actual elements within the ore minerals For example the most common ore of copper is chalcopyrite CuFeS 2 The copper must be separated from the iron and sulphur to make copper metal and that involves
·Surface mining involves the removal of overlying soil and rock to access the minerals while underground mining involves accessing deposits through tunnels and shafts Mining activities however can have significant environmental impacts For instance the use of autonomous vehicles drones and advanced analytics can optimize mine
·The first step in extraction is the mining Mining involves the extraction of ores from the earth s crust Ores are rocks that contain valuable metals such as copper gold silver and platinum The mining process involves drilling blasting and hauling the ore to the surface Crushing and grinding
·The laborious task of mining copper ore by hand made obtaining large quantities for production difficult During the Industrial Revolution coal and steam powered machinery paved the way for a considerable increase in copper production with mines smelting between 200 and 300 tons of copper ore per week
Top hammer longhole drill rigs are ideal for mining operations where the highest priority is ore recovery and minimizing the contamination of rock fragments Like its surface mining counterpart this drill contains a piston powered hammer that impacts the drill in order to shatter the rock before using compressed air to disperse the debris
·Once the deposit has been fully mined perhaps the most common option is "retreat mining " This method has been criticized in recent years because it s extremely risky both to workers and local This technique involves strategically removing the remaining pillars causing the roof to collapse and the productive area to be filled in by the overburden
·Metal Mining Stoping Methods Free download as PDF File pdf Text File txt or view presentation slides online The document discusses the cut and fill stoping mining method It involves excavating slices of ore and filling the mined out area with a backfill material for ground support The method involves cycles of drilling blasting mucking ground support
Surface Mining Surface mining is a process where ore is extracted from the ground by digging it out with heavy machinery The ore is then transported away from the mine site This can be done either by truck or rail This method involves mining stream beds for material deposits Placers are formed when sedimentary rock layers are exposed
·Song et al 2017 performed an energy oriented scenario and compared it to baseline LCIA results for an underground Cu ore mine in Norway Results indicated that electrification of diesel driven mining trucks would be more environmentally beneficial as long as the electrical supply is relatively clean so more future work can be carried
·20 20Types of Mining 1 Surface Mining Strip mining It involves the removal of a thin strip of overburden earth or soil above a desired deposit dumping the removed overburden behind the deposit extracting the desired deposit creating a second parallel strip in the same manner and depositing the waste materials from that second new strip onto the
Typically the pit progressively deepens through additional mining cuts to extract the ore and the walls of the pit are as steep as can safely be managed A steep wall means there is less waste non valuable rock or overburden to remove and is an engineering balance between efficient mining and mass wasting Occasionally landslides do occur
·For example the sampling work provides a glimpse of the type of ore being mined and the grade it could yield This allows miners to draw up a very preliminary outline of the potential size of the deposits found using 2D or 3D models of the geological ore This is the active extraction and processing of the mine s resources It involves
3 ·The gold mining operation stage represents the productive life of a gold mine during which ore is extracted and processed into gold Processing gold involves transforming rock and ore into a metallic alloy of substantial purity known as
·Mineral nodules on the seafloor in the Clarion Clipperton Zone a key area of interest for deep sea mining Photo by ROV KIEL 6000/GEOMAR In the case of polymetallic nodules — which are currently the primary focus for deep sea mining — mining vehicles would collect mineral deposits from the surface of the seabed not unlike a tractor plowing a field
·However as well as dredging up seafloor seabed mining involves dumping unwanted matter back into the sea smothering the surrounding area with the sediment plume Increasingly mining companies are on the hunt for sand that has specific and valuable properties; minerals and metals that can be used to create profitable products for use in
·Mining is the extraction of economically valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth surface It may be from an ore body lode vein seam reef or placer deposits
·In Situ Mining Also mentioned as solution mining in situ mining does not involve removing intact ore beneath the Earth s surface Rather it involves pumping chemicals underground to dissolve resource comprising ore and then pumping what is known as the "pregnant solution" support to the surface where it can be processed to retrieve minerals
·In situ mining differs from underground and surface mining as it does not extract the ore and rock mix for processing at the surface of the mine This type of mining is also termed in situ leach mining In situ mining involves using chemical solutions to dissolve the minerals and pump the pregnant solution out of the mine for processing
·Placer mining is used in river channels beach sands or other environments to sift valuable metals from sediments In situ mining primarily used in uranium mining involves dissolving the existing mineral resource and then processing it on the surface without moving rock from the ground Mining techniques Surface mining
