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The Bayer process liquor cycle is a loop and the goal is to ensure that the energy stays within the loop with heat exchange occurring between different parts of the cycle The diagram shown in Fig provided by Donaldson simplifying the Bayer process into a large heat exchanger highlights this idea well Wherever possible the heat is
·Red mud RM is a by product of extracting of alumina from bauxite Red mud contains high quantities of alkali generating minerals and metal ions which can cause significant environmental damage Many valuable components such as rare earth elements Al and Fe in RM are difficult to be utilized owing to their particle size and alkalinity Thus developing an
·At present alumina is mostly produced by an alkali process in the industry which is generally divided into sintering process Bayer process and sintering Bayer combined process Liu and Wu 2012 Correspondingly three kinds of bauxite residue are produced in these three processes namely Bayer red mud sintering red mud and combined red mud respectively
·Keywords Hydroxamated flocculants HX CYFLOC® HX 6XXX Red mud Settler NPE free 1 Introduction New 6000 Series For more than a century the Bayer process has been the main commercial process used for producing alumina from the caustic digestion of bauxite ore The separation of the red mud from
·Among environmental hot spots all over the world are the tailings of RM generated during the digestion of bauxite ore with sodium hydroxide by Bayer process for the extraction of alumina The term red mud is used as a synonym for bauxite residue The residue generated is usually highly alkaline with pH about 13 [1 2]
·Dry cake disposal is the most preferred technique for the disposal of red mud • Filtration and washing of red mud using vacuum With the use of the Bayer process most of the red mud has been disposed of as semi dry or a wet slurry in mud lakes or impoundment areas as shown in Fig 3 [17] This has become common practice at alumina
·Red mud RM is a by product produced during the extraction of alumina from bauxite using Bayer s process The production of red mud as a by product of hydrothermal alumina extraction results in the production of non dissolved iron oxides sodium aluminosilicates titania and silica in addition to rare earth elements Due to its high alkalinity disposal
·The separated red mud was dealkalized by adding lime when washing with hot water and the final equilibrium solid phase of the red mud was hydrated garnet Li et al [99] Researchers have also extensively studied the alkali reduction of red mud In the Bayer process silicon can remain stable in the sodium aluminate solution by controlling
·Bauxite residue Red mud is produced in alumina plants by the Bayer process in which Al containing minerals are dissolved in hot NaOH The global residue inventory reached an estimated billion tons in 2014 increasing by approximately 120 million tons per annum The appropriate management of bauxite residue is becoming a global environmental concern
·Red mud from Bayer process is close to 150 million tonnes per year in the world which has Conventional dealkalinization methods for red mud include water washing [13] carbonation [14 17] calcifica tion [18] calcification carbonation [19 20] acid neutral
·Commercial utilization of high sulfur diasporic bauxite is challenging because of the hazards of sulfur to the Bayer process This article discusses a case study of producing alumina from high sulfur bauxite containing chlorite at an alumina refinery in Zunyi Guizhou China Application of flotation desulfurization and chemical oxidation method can control the
·Traditionally bauxite residue is classified based on the grade of raw material bauxite and the alumina production process including the Bayer process Sintering process and Combined process Qaidi et al 2022b However alkali leaching with the Bayer process has rapidly developed and essentially replaced the other two methods in recent years
·Microbially induced carbonate precipitation MICP was used to treat Bayer process red mud a waste product of the aluminum industry Changes in the unconfined compressive strength UCS calcium carbonate content and distribution leaching of metal ions pH value and stress strain characteristics were measured and the effects of MICP on red
The washing and depositing separation method of a kind of Bayer process red mud of the present invention its washing and depositing separate and adopt device to comprise that separation tank washes subsider and two and wash subsider; It is characterized in that the device that adopts also comprises swirler and secondary swirler ; Wherein No one time the swirler opening for feed
·Following digestion the thickened slurry proceeds to particle particle physical separations by multistage hydrocycloning46 or possibly with novel equipment such as the REFLUX Hydrocyclones are already well established in the Bayer process for bauxite grinding sand separation from red mud sand washing gibbsite alumina
·loss of extractable alumina in settlers and red mud washers minimized to 1 % ground bauxite pregnant liquor with T ≈ 145°C p ≈ 4 bar solids red mud washing red mud washing red mud washing ca 2 % loss of extractable alumina gibbsite in the settlers ca 2 % loss of extractable alumina gibbsite during red mud washing
·Table 2 compares the content of the main oxide components in the red mud before and after washing After eight times washing the content of Na 2 O dropped by only % from % to % which is owing to the removal of soluble alkali dissolved in water during the washing process This means % of the total alkali in the red mud is soluble alkali and the
Red mud is typically washed in a plurality of sequential wash stages In each stage the red mud is washed with a wash liquor flocculated with a flocculating agent and separated from the wash liquor Flocculating agents are used to increase the rate of settling improve the clarity of the supernatant liquor by reducing residual suspended solids and/or increase the density of the
·The Bayer red mud is the solid waste generated during the production of alumina by the Bayer process At present the stock of red mud in China exceeds billion tons covering an area of more
·According to its alumina refining process red mud is called combined process red mud sintering processes red mud Bayer process red mud or improved Bayer process red mud Li et al 2018 The yield of red mud varies with the composition of bauxite and the processing technology mg for seawater washing mg for ammonia
·At present the dealkalization and comprehensive utilization of red mud is a worldwide problem Studies on the settling performance and phase transformation of red mud by HCl CaO and H2O leaching are limited In this study the characteristics of red mud were systematically analyzed The average sizes of graded and initial red mud were and
·Co disposal of MSWI fly ash and Bayer red mud using an one part geopolymeric system Author links open overlay panel Nan Ye a 1 Ye Chen a 1 Jiakuan Yang a Disposal of MSWI fly ash through a combined washing immobilisation process J Hazard Mater 98 2003 pp 225 240 View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar [8]
·The thickened slurry containing the partially reacted kaolin is passed to the mud washing circuit where further silica dissolution must also be constrained formation of carbonate apatite 3Ca 3 [PO 4] 2 ⋅ CaCO 3 through the addition of lime in a number of locations on the red side of the Bayer process For high temperature refineries
