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·production of concrete worldwide is almost 25 billion ton s per year [3] The cement industry causes 8 10% of greenhouse gas emissions [4] and 15% of global electrical energy consumption Besides
·Increase in concrete production and resource extraction Based on our analysis the global production of concrete and mortar referred to hereafter as concrete for simplicity quadrupledbetween1990and2020 reaching 26Gt/yrin2020 Figure1 Accordingly 4Gt/yr
·Actually it is estimated that concrete production is responsible for 9% of total greenhouse gas emissions [23] of which 7 8% from only cement plants [24] In other words if the concrete industry was a country it would be the third largest CO 2 emitter in the world with up to Gt per year surpassed only by China Gt and the United States Gt [25]
·Fly ash like RHA is commonly used as a substitute ingredient in the production of concrete in order to minimize overall costs Siddique et al [] stated that when class F fly ash was used as partial replacement of aggregate sand from 0 to 50% the 365 day compressive strength of concrete was found to be 55MPa at 50% replacement as compared
·HPC can be defined as a concrete in which utmost care has been taken in all necessary operations in order to give the concrete the most appropriate performance properties in the environment in which it is placed [1] HPC usually refers to concrete with superior mechanical and durability properties [2] or a concrete with 28d compressive strength above 70 to 80 MPa
·Szabo et al [25] concluded that the global CO 2 emission from cement industry will increase by more than 50% by 2030 due to the increase in the production rate of cement annually Bosoaga et al [ 29 ] concluded that reducing the amount of the clinker in the blended cement could be considered as one of the effective methods to reduce the CO 2
·Once the water content is reduced in a cement mixture the strength and durability of the produced concrete will increase [1 2] Concrete plasticizing improved concrete flowability might also be achieved through the addition of water reducers to the cement mixture Despite the increase in the fluidity of concrete at a constant water to
·The increase in the ultimate load capacity With the increase in the percentage of fiber until a percentage 1% then it begins to decrease after this percentage of continuous deep beams refers to the use of waste plastic fibers to improve the tensile properties of concrete and to limit the spread and width of cracks within the structure
·The requirement for high performance concrete has increased day by day due to its better performance Due to its strength durability and high modulus of elasticity high performance concrete has predominantly been employed in constructing large scale civil engineering structures tunnels bridges pavements and high rise buildings The various
·The combination effect of supplementary cementitious materials in the production of high strength concrete production is an effective way to reduce the amount of cement required while contributing
·The cement suspension is made of 50 g of cement and 100 mL of deionized water DI H 2 O involving a water to cement ratio of w/c = 2 The concrete is prepared from the suspension by first adding
·The entire cement and concrete cycle induces Mt CO 2 which is equivalent to 3% of Japan s total CO 2 emissions Of this amount cement production accounts for the largest share 83%
·Furthermore environmentally Class C is the lowest density type being 18% lower than the bulk density of OPC concrete and this in turn will reduce the overall amount of concrete used in the
·The results of the study revealed that the optimum increase of compressive strength of % against the control concrete mix was achieved when a concrete mix of 10% RHA partial cement replacement
·Donza et al 2002 reported that development of hydration products and mortar phase of concrete show increase in strength of CRS concrete that attributed to the improvement of paste fine aggregate transition zone at all ages Bexing et al 2009 observed that up to 15% addition of limestone fines in low strength concrete increase strength
·OpenConcrete a tool for estimating the environmental impacts from concrete production Alyson Kim Patrick R Cunningham Kanotha Kamau Devers Sabbie A Miller Cement and concrete production are continuing to increase which poses a barrier to achieving most climate goals As such a robust and methodological means of calculating the
·Although concrete usage is continually increasing as a construction material it also has resulted in a relative increase in demand for concrete materials The vehement applications of natural aggregates in concrete production is resulting in the depletion of these natural resources Matias et al Citation 2014; Pepe et al
·Concrete production is characterized by a significant demand for energy and raw materials The construction maintenance and demolition of engineering works cause excessive polluting waste that
·The global demand for cement has increased sharply with a ten fold increase in global consumption during the last 65 years Monteiro et al 2017 However only about half of the cement is used for concrete whereas the remainder is reserved for mortar plaster and blocks Global portland cement production increased slightly from
·The global production of cement is estimated to around billion tons in 2019 [5] which is projected to increase by 216% by 2030 [6] The production of cement is responsible hugely for the consumption of non renewable resources in particular coal limestone and clay
·An increase of the aggregate volume in mixture leads to the increased permeability Meanwhile the increase of ash/cement quantity in base mixture proportionally increases the water vapor permeability especially at low densities Kearsley et al studied the influence of different fly ash types on the porosity and permeability The results
·The high production of concrete caused huge demand on the ordinary Portland cement OPC which is the main binding materials and the most expensive component of concrete
·On the other hand the production of concrete consumes huge amounts of aggregates in both types coarse and fine aggregate [12] The aggregate constitutes about 60 80% of the concrete mix volume thus the aggregate mainly effect on the type performance properties and cost of concrete [13] The depletion of crushed stone and river sand which are non
·Reliable data on total aggregate production are scarce but global aggregate production in 2020 is estimated to be approximately 42 Mt/yr 9 This means that the virgin aggregates used for concrete manufacturing account for approximately half of all aggregate production Clearly the increase in concrete production is a major factor underlying
2 ·Reduces the time to initial set with an increase in initial strength Hardening Accelerator Blowhole reducing admixture that significantly reduces the overall air void content in the fresh concrete for production of high quality fair faced concrete Admixtures to Control Alkali silica Reaction
