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Block caving is all about the understanding of the primary fragmentation within the seismogenic zone That may be the development of new fractures or the propagation of existing in situ fractures Elfen has a multitude of tools to assess the fractures including density orientation area and dominant set
·between primary and secondary fragmentation of the rock mass during caving process characterised by the mining & quarrying; particle crushing; rock mechanics INTRODUCTION In recent years block caving mining has taken a key role in the development of the copper metal mining industry as a highly productive and economic exploitation method The
GUO Xiaoqiang TAN Qiren HUANG Min et al Development and application of primary fragmentation prediction software for block caving mine[J] China Mining Magazine 2024 33（2）：100 106 DOI /
·Mining methods such as block caving or sublevel caving rely on the characteristics of the rock mass to cave efficiently to fulfill an economical production The identification of influencing parameters and cavability assessment are thus a prime geotechnical focus for all potential caving projects In the caving operation many factors such as natural
·in hard rock longwall coal mining sublevel caving and block caving In this chapter the geomechanics issues involved in each of these methods of mining will be discussed in turn If a relevant issue has been dealt with elsewhere the or crushing of pillars or fracturing at or near the mining face can lead to local instabilities
The most viable way to recover the ore body is by a well established underground mining method called block caving Block caving is safe environmentally sound and cost effective for mining a large deep orebody In block caving a large section of ore is initially undercut by drilling and blasting causing it to collapse under its weight
Figure Distribution of hard infill observed in veins considering failure mode "Characterisation of primary copper ore for block caving at the El Teniente mine Chile"
·Block and panel caving mines are increasingly being proposed for the excavation of massive ore bodies located at depth The lack of selectivity associated with the mining methods results in both ore and waste being caved and transported through material handling systems to the surface for processing and waste rock disposal
·Figure 2 Diorite primary and secondary fragmentation using BCF The Core2Frag primary fragmentation estimates using drill hole data within Panels 6 9 in the Diorite rock type in the DOZ Mine are shown in Figure 3 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1 10 100 1000 Cumulative percentage less than Block Size cubic meters Primary Secondary
·1 【 hydraulic fracturing in cave mining 】：【 Shrinkage Stoping 】 【】
Block caving involves no primary blasting or backfilling so the first step in reducing operating cost is to improve coarse ore haulage Batch load haul dump LHD haulage is slow and expensive; it uses six times more fuel energy than is required and inline ore crushing facilitates the removal of waste from the ore stream Boreholes
·The Block Caving Fragmentation BCF model devised by Esterhuizen et al 1996 employs empirical relationships to assess the primary and secondary fragmentation as well as hang up potential
·Block Caving Comminution Model Block caving is widely used in massive underground mining because of the high production rates and low operational costs With this method rock fragmentation occurs naturally during ore extraction while caving propagates to the surface Thus fragmentation is determined mainly by rock mass properties
·Cave mining progresses to depths exceeding 1000 m and ore bodies situated in competent and strong rock masses are nowadays extracted by different cave mining methods Widely applied caving methods in massive deposits are block and panel caving inclined caving and sublevel caving All caving methods have in common that rock mass caves during
·The Carrapateena block cave builds on modern block caving experience and aims to deliver an automated electrified data driven mine with technology embedded in the design circuit to minimise brownfield interfaces and introduce energy load scheduling via the vertical roller mill as the primary surface crushing option OZ Minerals said
From the miner s perspective however the primary working hazard of block caving is that the undermined ore body may not collapse continuously If the underground roof stabilizes and ore is continuously removed from below a large void may form
·Learn about the primary methods of underground mining Block Caving It is the underground version of an open pit mine It focuses on undermining the ore at locations where it will compromise the structural integrity of the ore to force it to collapse under its own weight Crushing processing & transfer of ore produces large amounts of
International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 44 2007 565 583 Rock mass characterization and assessment of block forming geological discontinuities during caving of primary copper ore
·Touted as the deep mining method of the future block caving is an underground mass mining method that allows for the bulk extraction of large relatively lower grade ore deposits that are vertical in orientation It is the primary underground mining method used for extracting large copper or gold porphyry deposits Considered as dense
·The block cave mining mechanism and associated subsidence present one of the most challenging engineering problems in rock mining Although block caving has been in use for many years there has been limited research on the impact caving angles have on surface settlement and failure profiles specifically when associated with deep caves and surface
·Recently a methodology to evaluate the Block Size Distribution BSD of broken material for block/panel caving projects in early stages conceptual feasibility has been published by
·The broken ore density BOD commonly related to the swell or bulking factor is an important parameter for block caving design It is well known that the ore column density decreases and swell
·Block caving mining method is one of the most viable and preferred mass underground mining methods for low grade orebody However in combined surface and underground mining the breakthrough of an underground caving under an open pit may result in subsidence at the bottom of the pit This can pose a serious threat for the stability of the pit
·the primary mining method for thick coal seams and is associated with considerable economic benefits Chen et al 2022; Lyu et al 2022; Nan and Wang 2022; Song and Du 2023
·Block caving is a large scale underground mining method applicable to the extraction of low grade massive ore bodies Crushing and ore transport facilities Caving results in primary fragmentation which can be defined as the particle size that separates from the cave back and enters the draw column The data to be considered for the
