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·In order to explore the influence of weak interlayer on blasting characteristics in natural rock mass by using the particle flow code PFC2D a single hole blasting numerical model of hard rock
primary blasting The presence of boulders requires secondary fragmentation to further reduce the broken materials to the acceptable sizes thereby increasing the cost of production The mechanical properties of the rocks were determined using Protodyakonov Rock Strength Index
·Quarry blasts and seismicity Blast operation creates both elastic and inelastic deformation within the nearby rock mass A seismic event is a rapid inelastic deformation that occurred within a specified volume of rock Ma et al 2015 Regulatory authorities usually monitor blasts in quarries on the scheduled date of the operations by measuring the blast induced
·Mining methods such as block caving or sublevel caving rely on the characteristics of the rock mass to cave efficiently to fulfill an economical production The identification of influencing parameters and cavability assessment are thus a prime geotechnical focus for all potential caving projects In the caving operation many factors such as natural
·Several products have come on the market in recent years that improve the safety of secondary blasting operations The most significant of these are binary accidental dumping of rock people walking in on blasting and so on If an adopted procedure requires that workers enter the crusher area then a procedure to carry out the work should
·A continuous blast fragmentation analysis plays a vital role in the evolution of efficiency and productivity of quarry blast If blast fragmentation is not of required size it can increase production cost and delay in quarry progress due to unnecessary secondary blasting which is a safety concern in blasting or require use of rock breakers to reduce the size of rock
·or eliminates the amount of secondary blasting while minimizing wear When rocks are extremely well jointed blasting ratios as high as 15 tons per lb of explosive may be obtained The volume of rock on each of a row of shotholes is approximately a prism with dimensions equal to the burden the spacing and the depth of
·The drilling blasting method 1 2 can harm the surrounding rock compromising the stability of the rock mass 3 like smooth surface charge blasting and directional blasting can mitigate
Secondary Blasting Secondary blasting is carried out in two ways 1 Pop Shooting A hole is drilled by jackhammer for charging with explosive and blasting the boulder Normally a depth of to m is sufficient for most of the boulder sizes The explosive widely used is special gelatine in conjunction with safety fuse or detonators 2
· Ensure area is free of blasting fumes before entry into work area 2 Conduct blasting Carry out pre blasting procedures and establish exclusion zone Use appropriate explosives and/or techniques to achieve blast objective Activate warnings and notify relevant personnel of intended blasting
·In open pit mining blasting pattern design is performed to achieve a desired degree of fragmentation for loading hauling and crushing operations Inappropriate fragmentation of rock will result in numerous problems such as incurring extra costs for secondary blasting production interruption etc Wetness of the blast holes is one of the most important
·Four dimensional lattice spring model 4D LSM has the intrinsic advantage of analyzing the large dynamic problem It has better adaptability to the dynamic response of tunnel blasting excavation The 4D LSM model of the vibration in small distance tunnel blasting is established The dynamic response of the surrounding rock was analyzed by applying the
·However the rock dynamic responses associated with excavation process actually are the complex mechanical processes including rock energy s concentration storage release dissipation and failure Zhao et al 2003 So the analysis and assessment of surrounding rocks stability under high in situ stresses should be considered in the process of energy
·1 INTRODUCTION The drilling blasting method 1 2 can cause damage to the surrounding rock affecting the stability of the overall rock mass 3 4 Smooth surface charge blasting and directional blasting technology can reduce the damage to the surrounding rock however these techniques still have many issues such as overblasting and underblasting
·Rock mass fragmentation process plays a major role in the design of the block cave mining To assess rock mass fragmentation identification and determination of influencing parameters are crucial In most case studies the cross impact or indirect interaction of influencing parameters has not been considered in the assessment of rock mass fragmentation The aim
·By researching the distance between blasthole and interface of soft hard rock strata as well as the time of delay detonation blasting effect of the rock mass will be more controllable Firstly
·The blasting energy of the charge in borehole is transmitted to the rock by the combined action of the primary shock waves and the subsequent detonation products which can provide instantaneous impact stress and durative quasi state stress Cho et al 2004; Ning et al 2011; He and Yang 2019 As for the BGSC blasting when the explosive detonates in
·Hence boulders generated during primary blasting are broken with different methods such as drop ball method pop shooting secondary blasting primary and secondary hydraulic rock breakers [24 25] Various researchers have developed computational techniques for optimization of blast fragmentation and minimizing secondary blasting [ 26 27
·of drilling is preferred for drilling the rocks before blasting operation[3] Now a day s several varieties of explosives are manufactured by various companies to meet the requirements of mines
·Stemming length and stemming materials are crucial factors in blasting design which affect the sustainability of mining This study investigates the influence of stemming length and stemming
·an imbalance between rock fragmentation and other blasting factors like ground vibration flyrock air blast and post blast fumes Various blasting parameters affect blast efficiency and the optimization of increases the requirement for secondary blasting The sudden liberation of gases due to poor stemming can also cause flyrock
·The presence of numerous open joints and complex three dimensional 3D geometrical characteristics in natural rock masses creates structural discontinuities that significantly impact stress wave propagation and the rock s damage and failure behaviors In this study specimens featuring open joints were prepared using 3D printing techniques and an
· ROCK FRAGMENTATION IN MINING 1 OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE OF THIS STUDY 3 CHAPTER 2 THE CONCEPT OF OPTIMUM BLASTING 5 CHOICE AND QUANTITY OFEXPLOSIVES 6 SECONDARY BREAKAGE PROCESSES 9 Secondary Blasting i Pop Shooting ii Plaster Shooting 10 iii Snakeholing 14 iv Shaped Charge Shooting
·The specific energy level S cr of the j th blasting block used in the crusher kW / m 3 is calculated by dividing the total energy consumption of the j th blasting block per kW to the total tonnage of rock fed into the crusher at the j th blasting block per m 3 The specific fixed gravity and specific gravity of fragmented rock resulting
