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·Background Artisanal and small scale gold mining activities are producing contamination with heavy metals and metalloids HMM into soils and water worldwide The HMM are considered as one of the major abiotic stresses due to their long term persistence in soil In this context arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF confer resistance to a variety of abiotic plant
·Artisanal gold mining AGM continues to proliferate in developing countries around the world due to a combination of high gold prices limited economic alternatives for rural populations and poor institutional frameworks [1 2] Different from responsible small scale gold mining AGM constitutes operations irrespective of the size that use rudimentary techniques
In Peru Artisanal and Small scale Gold Mining ASGM is an ancestral activity that experienced a great surge beginning in the 1980s because of the political and social conditions endured in the country during that decade marked by subversion and internal war economic crisis abandonment of rural areas and migrations
·This is the case of the Zaruma Portovelo Mining District in El Oro Province Ecuador ZPMD Fig 1 where artisanal and small scale gold mining has grown tremendously over the past decade Adler Miserendino et al 2013
Downloadable Mining is one of the oldest economic activities of mankind Within this activity artisanal and small scale gold mining ASGM is one of the most studied sectors due to its high level of environmental contamination and the social problems it causes In recent years ASGM in the northern Amazon of Ecuador has increased significantly and studies that describe its
·This study addresses the impact of small scale gold mining on the environment and communities of the Puyango River basin in the southwest of Ecuador between 1999 and 2001
2 ·For small scale mining the patente is equivalent to 2% of the minimum wage USD9 per mining hectare For medium and large scale mining the patente shall be paid as follows initial exploration % equivalent to per mining hectare; advanced exploration and economic evaluation 5% equivalent to per mining hectare; and
·1 Introduction In many Latin American countries artisanal and small scale gold mining ASM is considered an activity with a marginal impact on the economy Sandoval 2001 In Ecuador at the macro economic level the ASM does not exceed % of GDP Banco Central del Ecuador 2017 However the ASM sector is an integral part of local economies
·This is the case of the Zaruma Portovelo Mining District in El Oro Province Ecuador ZPMD Fig 1 where artisanal and small scale gold mining has grown tremendously over the past decade Adler Miserendino et al 2013
·However two pieces of evidence suggest that the impacts related to mining were less serious in the past i the presence of extensive tailings deposits that date from the large scale mining period suggests that tailings management has deteriorated since small scale mining started; and ii the local population is largely convinced that river
DOI / Corpus ID 129224822; Application of electrical resistivity imaging ERI to a tailings dam project for artisanal and small scale gold mining in Zaruma Portovelo Ecuador
·of ore reserves Mine output is most commonly used and small scale mining often means an opera tion with an annual production of less than 100000 tonnes of ore Noetstaller 1987; Davidson 1989; DSE and UN/DTCD 1991 Further a recent definition of artisanal mining describes it as the most primitive type of informal small scale
·Artisanal and small scale mining ASM in sub Saharan Africa Re conceptualizing formalization and illegal activity Similarly in Ecuador where oil extraction has become a focal point economically the state retains subsurface mineral rights on all land
·More than 13 million people in the South are directly engaged in small scale mining many of whom are women and children with another 80 to 100 million depending on it for some aspect of
·Artisanal and small scale gold mining ASGM is present in over 80 countries employing about 15 million miners and serving as source of livelihood for millions more The sector is estimated to be the largest emitter of mercury globally The Minamata Convention on Mercury seeks to reduce and where feasible eliminate mercury use in the ASGM However
·Portovelo Zaruma Ecuador is an artisanal and small scale gold mining ASGM region with approximately 6000 gold miners working with mercury and cyanide Although artisanal gold mining AGM has taken place in Portovelo Zaruma for centuries highly mechanized small scale gold mining SGM processing plants capable of increased throughput began
DOI / Corpus ID 59390178; Challenges to measuring monitoring and addressing the cumulative impacts of artisanal and small scale gold mining in Ecuador
·Artisanal and small scale gold mining ASGM and large scale mining in the Ecuadorian Amazon region is potentially harmful to nature and its impacts are associated with environmental degradation and deterioration of people s health So far limited efforts have been directed at exploring the current situation and challenges facing the implementation of
· IntroductionAmalgamation is the preferred method used by artisanal and small scale miners ASM to recover free gold from alluvial/colluvial or primary ores [1] [2] Worldwide 10 15 million artisanal gold miners in more than 70 countries extract on average 350 tonnes/a of gold and in the process release 640 1350 tonnes/a of mercury into the
·Research and interventions around artisanal and small scale gold mining ASGM largely focus on mercury Hg use reflecting the sector s status as the largest global source of anthropogenic mercury release to the environment UNEP 2019 and the influence of the Minamata Convention which seeks to curb global mercury artisanal
·Mining activity in Ecuador is primarily artisanal and small scale Rivers near the mining county of Camilo Ponce Enriquez have been severely affected by this type of mining
·Generalist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dominated heavy metal polluted soils at two artisanal and small−scale gold mining sites in southeastern Ecuador February 2023 BMC Microbiology 23 2023 23 42
·The environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale gold mining ASGM are currently a major issue globally There is cause for concern given the rapid loss of forest resources and pollution of water bodies through contamination with heavy metals like cyanide arsenic and mercury The study investigated the livelihood and environmental implications of
·This study presents a picture of ASGM in Brazil and prospective numbers on mercury emissions and releases in 2016 when the country declared production of about 90 tonnes of gold of which circa 25 tonnes came from ASGM However it is also necessary to consider the illegal production of ASGM which is estimated to vary between 10% and eight
