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·Mineral change and micropore development are important deterioration features of soft rock during water rock interaction but ignoring the differences and contributions of potential physical and chemical processes in existing laboratory studies This paper carried out multiple micro measurements on mudstone and sandstone after powder immersion and
·During the last few decades clays have been the subject of research on a scale unprecedented in the history of mineralogy This paper presents review literature on mineralogy of clay minerals and phenomenon of swelling in oil and gas industry Unique ion exchange properties and clay swelling mechanisms are also considered
·Clay and shale formations are potentially subjected to swelling and softening when they are exposed to fresh water Conventional swell test on clay and shale is very slow and it can take months or years to achieve the full swelling potential This paper proposes the use of an electrical potential gradient applied across the clay sample to accelerate the swelling
·The dependence of the crystalline swelling and hydration properties of clay minerals on interlayer ion size and charge was investigated using molecular dynamics computer simulations of Na Cs
·The stepwise hydration of clay minerals has been observed repeatedly in studies but the underlying mechanism remains unclear Previous numerical studies confirmed the presence of one water layer 1W and two water layer 2W hydration states However the undisturbed transition between these hydration states has never been captured Using
·Many researchers have been engaged in long term research on the reason of the landslides in the ore areas Mohan K et al found that due to the inappropriate injection of leaching agent in the ore bodies the clay minerals swelled after adsorption of water and its adhesion force dropped leading to the landslide [9] Luo et al found that the ion exchange process during
·The swelling and migration of clay minerals result in the blocking of the hydrocarbon flow paths and permeability reduction On the other hand further studies show that low salinity water injection LSW increases oil recovery compared to high salinity water injection 2011 standard to measure the swelling tendency of clays
·Investigating Different Fluids and Injection Patterns on the Effect of Reservoir Rock Quality Alteration due to Swelling and Migration of Clay Minerals at Carbonate Reservoirs Mehran Karami Mehran Karami CEC and consequently a low swelling tendency Therefore it showed negligible swelling in the presence of all fluids According to the
·1 Introduction Adsorption of ions at the interface of clay minerals and aqueous solutions is ubiquitous and plays a pivotal role in a wide spectrum of colloidal chemical physical and geological processes such as the transport and bioavailability of ions nutrients and contaminants [1 3] Owing to the large surface area low permeability and high retention
·Dispersion of clay minerals is also related to their composition structure and especially nature of exposed external surfaces as these surfaces interact with surrounding fluids For instance concerning evaluating nature of outer surfaces of non swelling clay minerals kaolinite and illite evidently marked differences may be anticipated
·Shale is a sedimentary rock that comprises clay minerals in different proportion These clay minerals tend to swell when they come in contact with water based drilling fluid WBDF ; as a result
·Swelling clay minerals are of interest for diverse areas of geotechnical engineering in particular stability of slopes CEC and consequently a low swelling tendency Therefore it showed
·Here we extend that work to consider the effect of varying clay layer charge in a Na substituted smectite clay Crystalline or short range swelling of smectite clay minerals may be described in terms of a series of layer spacing transitions that are thermodynamically analogous to phase transitions [17] [21] Swelling is known experimentally
ABSTRACT The stepwise hydration of clay minerals has been observed repeatedly in studies but the underlying mechanism remains unclear Previous numerical studies confirmed the presence of one water layer 1W and two water layer 2W hydration Clay swelling occurs in two regimes crystalline and osmotic depending on the d space of the
·The dependence of the crystalline swelling and hydration properties of clay minerals on interlayer ion size and charge was investigated using molecular dynamics computer simulations of Na Cs and Sr substituted montmorillonites For all clays studied layer spacings measured as a function of water content exhibited plateaus at the one layer hydrate spacing
·Soil alkali interaction leads to abnormal soil behavior due to significant changes in mineralogy and morphology The effect of alkali on the swelling behavior of natural clays has been explored in recent years but the swelling behavior of alkali transformed clay minerals is still unclear The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of alkali concentration
The three layer clay mineral as shown in Figure 1 has a structural configuration and chemical makeup which permits a large amount of water to be adsorbed in the interlayer and peripheral
·Expansive soil contains montmorillonite clay mineral; which has tendency to swell by imbibing water in monsoon season and shrink or become harder by leaving cracks in drier seasons Excessive drying and wetting of soil progressively deteriorates structures over the years and cause severe damage Some research has been performed on identification of
The swelling/shrinking tendency of some silicate clay minerals is due primarily to The movement of water molecules in and out of the interlayers of the crystal Which of the following silicate clays would be least apt to be formed from the alteration of primary minerals
·Effect of clay swelling and pore expansion In Section the CAs did not appear to be dependent on the total clay content while swelling clay ML I/S was shown to be water wet In contrast non swelling clays such as kaolinite and chlorite tended toward hydrophobicity particularly illite
·The phenomenon of swelling is associated with the hydration of clay; however all clays do not swell when hydrated Steps in the mechanism of hydration and swelling of different types of clays as observed and interpreted by several investigators and some theories proposed as to the cause of hydration and swelling are reviewed
The sheets that make up a clay mineral grain have a tendency to slide with respect to each other and the result is that clay mineral masses tend to be soft and plastic and not very strong Some swelling clay is shown on Figure The clay is present within a depression and was wet On drying it shrank in the typical mudcrack pattern
